8. Example of networking cables and thier functions post atleast 10 with Picture

8. Example of networking cables and thier functions post atleast 10 with Picture

- USB 2.0 NETWORK CABLE is one of the computers accessories that can help you to network your two computers to transfer your files, music, video, photos etc. USB 2.0 File Transfer cable also create virtual network and share even printers, scanners and other peripherals among computers. Using USB 2.0 File Transfer Cable you are able to transfer your data transfer rate 115 to 176 Mbps. USB 2.0 File Transfer Cable is easy to setup just install the software and plug USB File Transfer Cable and you where able to transfer data in simple drag and drop operation. The hardware requirement is very minimal even Pentium III or lower specification is compatible and compatible for almost all windows including Windows 98, Windows ME,Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista. Another improvement for USB 2.0 File Transfer is allowing you to Network your Internet.

-Category 5 cable is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair design for noise rejection, and some are shielded. Category 5 has been superseded by the Category 5e specification structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet, and is also used to carry many other signals such as basic voice services, token ring, and ATM (at up to 155 Mbit/s, over short distances).

-Cat-6 cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that are backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. Compared with Cat-5 and Cat-5e, Cat-6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise. The cable standard provides performance of up to 250 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet), 1000BASE-T / 1000BASE-TX (Gigabit Ethernet) and 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet). Category 6 cables has a reduced maximum length when used for 10GBASE-T; Category 6a cable, or Augmented Category 6, is characterized to 500MHz and has improved alien crosstalk characteristics, allowing 10GBASE-T to be run for the same distance as previous protocols. Category 6 cables can be identified by the printing on the side of the cable sheath.

-An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network adapters.

- LAN cable is connected to other computers via a central hub.

A LAN cable system is typically implemented by physically

connecting all of these devices with copper-conductor twisted-pair

LAN cables, the most common being an 8-wire

cable which is configured as 4 twisted-wire pairs.

-Unshielded twisted pair cable The cable that is used to connect devices in a LOCAL AREA NETWORK. It is often referred to as UTP and it consists of four pairs of cables which are twisted with a different number of pairs per inch in order to minimize interference. A major disadvantage of this type of cable is that it may react to radio or electrical interference. A version of this cabling known as SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE has been developed to overcome the problems with electrical interference.

-Shielded Twisted-Pair cable, STP is a type of
cable originally developed by IBM for Token Ring that
consists of two individual wires wrapped in
a foil shielding to help provide a more reliable data communication.

-Serial ATA or SATA cable computer bus, is a storage-interface for
connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices
such as hard disk drives and optical drives. The SATA
host adapter is integrated into almost all modern
consumer laptop computers and desktop motherboards.

-Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with
an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating
layer typically of a flexible material with a
high dielectric constant, all of which are
surrounded by a conductive layer called the
shield (typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of
a thin metallic foil), and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the outside.

-Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in
which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a
single circuit) are twisted together for
the purposes of canceling
out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external
sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs.

7. Example of Networking devices and thier functions, post atleast 10 with pictures.

-PROTOCOL CONVERTER a hardware device that converts

between two different types of transmission,

such as asynchronous and synchronous transmission.

-NETWORK CARD a piece of a computer hardware to

allow the attached the computer to communicate by a network.

-MULTIPLEXER device that combines several

electrical signals into a single signal.

-DIGITAL MEDIA RECEIVER connects a

computer network to a home theatre

-MULTILAYER SWITCH a switch which, in addition

to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality

at higher protocol layer.

-NETWORK ADDRESS network service provide as

hardware or software that converts internal

to external network addresses and vice versa.

-NETWORK GATEWAY is an internetworking system

cable of joining together two networks that use different base protocol.

-ROUTERS is a networking device whose software

and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks

of routing and forwarding information.

-BRIDGES is a internetworking device used to

help conserve the bandwidth on the network.

-REPEATERS is an electronic device that

receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher

level and/or higher power, or onto the other

side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.

1.What is Network Topology?

Network Topology

          A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer network. It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other. Some common network topologies include star, ring, line, bus, and tree configurations.

2. Examples of Network Topology, their Definition and post example picture.

Mesh Topology

Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network.

Star Topology

All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

Bus Topology

All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone.

Ring Topology

All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.

 Tree Topology

A hybrid topology. Groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus backbone.

3. What is OSI Layer?

- Open System Interconnection, an ISO standard for worldwide communications that defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.

At one time, most vendors agreed to support OSI in one form or another, but OSI was too loosely defined and proprietary standards were too entrenched. Except for the OSI-compliant X.400 and X.500 e-mail and directory standards, which are widely used, what was once thought to become the universal communications standard now serves as the teaching model for all other protocols.

4. Examples of OSI Layer, their definition in order.

Application Layer 7

It is employed in software packages which implement client-server software. When an application on one computer starts communicating with another computer, then the Application layer is used. The header contains parameters that are agreed between applications. This header is often only sent at the beginning of an application operation.

Presentation Layer 6

This provides function call exchange between host operating systems and software layers. It defines the format of data being sent and any encryption that may be used, and makes it presentable to the Application layer.

Session Layer 5

The Session layer defines how data conversations are started, controlled and finished. The Session layer manages the transaction sequencing and in some cases authorisation. The messages may be bidirectional and there may be many of them, the session layer manages these conversations and creates notifications if some messages fail. Indications show whether a packet is in the middle of a conversation flow or at the end. Only after a completed conversation will the data be passed up to layer.

Transport Layer 4

This layer is resonsible for the ordering and reassembly of packets that may have been broken up to travel across certain media. Some protocols in this layer also perform error recovery. After error recovery and reordering the data part is passed up to layer 5.

Network Layer 3

This layer is responsible for the delivery of packets end to end and implements a logical addressing scheme to help accomplish this. This can be connectionless or connection-oriented and is independent of the topology or path that the data packets travel. Routing packets through a network is also defined at this layer plus a method to fragment large packets into smaller ones depending on MTUs for different media (Packet Switching). Once the data from layer 2 has been received, layer 3 examines the destination address and if it is the address of its own end station, it passes the data after the layer 3 header to layer 4.

Data Link Layer 2

This layer deals with getting data across a specific medium and individual links by providing one or more data link connections between two network entities. End points are specifically identified, if required by the Network layer Sequencing. The frames are maintained in the correct sequence and there are facilities for Flow control and Quality of Service parameters such as Throughput, Service Availability and Transit Delay.

Physical Layer 1

This layer deals with the physical aspects of the media being used to transmit the data. The electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional means This defines things like pinouts, electrical characteristics, modulation and encoding of data bits on carrier signals. It ensures bit synchronisation and places the binary pattern that it receives into a receive buffer. Once it decodes the bit stream, the physical layer notifies the data link layer that a frame has been received and passes it up.

5. What is Networking?

Networking

- In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

6. Example of Networking, Post at least 5 examples with picture.

 

Complex Networking

  

 Peer to Peer Networking

 

Metropolitan Area Networking

Local Area Networking

        Wide Area Networking